JavaScript Numbers

🔹 What are Numbers in JavaScript?

JavaScript uses numbers to represent both integers and floating-point values. Unlike some languages, JavaScript does not have different data types for integers and decimals—everything is treated as a floating-point number (64-bit IEEE 754 format).

🔹 Creating Numbers

Numbers can be created in JavaScript in multiple ways:

1️⃣ Using Number Literals

let x = 10;      // Integer
let y = 10.5;    // Floating-point number
let z = -25;     // Negative number

2️⃣ Using the `Number()` Constructor

let a = Number(20);
let b = Number("50"); // Converts string to number
console.log(a, b); // 20, 50

🔹 Special Number Values

Infinity & -Infinity

If a number exceeds the maximum limit in JavaScript, it returns Infinity.

console.log(1 / 0); // Infinity
console.log(-1 / 0); // -Infinity

NaN (Not a Number)

JavaScript returns NaN if a mathematical operation fails.

console.log("hello" * 5); // NaN
console.log(Number("abc")); // NaN

💡 isNaN(value) checks if a value is NaN.

console.log(isNaN("hello")); // true
console.log(isNaN(123)); // false

🔹 Converting to Numbers

1️⃣ `parseInt()` – Converts to Integer

console.log(parseInt("100px")); // 100
console.log(parseInt("50.99")); // 50

2️⃣ `parseFloat()` – Converts to Float

console.log(parseFloat("50.99px")); // 50.99

3️⃣ `Number()` – Converts Any Type to a Number

console.log(Number("20")); // 20
console.log(Number("20.5")); // 20.5
console.log(Number("Hello")); // NaN

🔹 Mathematical Properties & Constants

JavaScript provides Math properties for working with numbers.

Property	Description
`Math.PI`	Returns 3.14159…
`Math.E`	Euler’s number (2.718)
`Math.SQRT2`	Square root of 2
`Math.LN10`	Natural logarithm of 10

Example:

console.log(Math.PI); // 3.141592653589793
console.log(Math.SQRT2); // 1.4142135623730951

🔹 Rounding Numbers

Rounding to the Nearest Integer

console.log(Math.round(4.7)); // 5
console.log(Math.round(4.3)); // 4

🔹 Random Numbers

Generating a Random Number Between 0 and 1

console.log(Math.random()); // Example: 0.678234

💡 Generating a random integer between a range:

let min = 1, max = 10;
console.log(Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min + 1)) + min);

🔹 Conclusion

JavaScript numbers are flexible and support various operations, including conversions, rounding, and random number generation. They play a crucial role in mathematical calculations and web development.

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